Yunnan is well known for its rich and unique natural environment. Despite most of its area is located north of the Tropic of Cancer, the ‘everlasting spring’ climate and the influence of the southwest monsoon abet ideal conditions for the survival of primates. Among all the regions in Asia characterized by a similar latitudinal range, Northwest Yunnan hosts the highest diversity of primates, including several rare and endemic species. The recently described Rhinopithecus strykeri and Hoolock tianxing were discovered in the Three Parallel Rivers region of northwest Yunnan, a UNESCO World Heritage site and outstanding biodiversity hotspot lying within the Hengduan mountains complex. It is generally believed that this region is the historical birthplace of Ericaceae, Phasianidae, Asian colobines primates. In addition to currently living primates, the natural habitats of Yunnan were home to several ancient primates, as testified by the fossil evidence of Lufengpithecus and Yuanmou man. Thanks to its geographical location, Yunnan forms a migration corridor (dispersed route) between the Indochinese peninsula and South Asia. Unfortunately, cross-border wildlife trade is also using this route, from Southeast Asia passing through Guangxi, Yunnan and northeast India. These pressing and delicate issues are seizing an increasing attention from researchers and conservationists from all over the world. There is great hope that the scientific community, together with policy makers and involved stakeholders, consistently acknowledge the importance of this region and its biodiversity. By sharing efforts and building a solid and favorable communication environment, we can find efficient solutions to the problems that primates are facing and could be confronted in the future.